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首頁(yè) > 技術(shù)文章 > 什么是pH計(jì)?發(fā)酵pH計(jì)的應(yīng)用及原理

什么是pH計(jì)?發(fā)酵pH計(jì)的應(yīng)用及原理

更新時(shí)間:2025-09-05      點(diǎn)擊次數(shù):31
  一、什么是pH計(jì)?
 
  ??pH計(jì)??(又稱酸度計(jì))是一種用于??精確測(cè)量溶液酸堿度(pH值)??的電子儀器,其核心功能是通過電化學(xué)方法將溶液中氫離子(H?)的活度轉(zhuǎn)化為可讀的pH數(shù)值。pH值是衡量溶液酸性(pH < 7)、中性(pH = 7)或堿性(pH > 7)的關(guān)鍵參數(shù),定義為氫離子活度的負(fù)對(duì)數(shù):??pH = -log[H?]??([H?]為氫離子摩爾濃度)。
 
  pH計(jì)的工作原理基于??電位分析法??——通過一對(duì)特殊電極(??指示電極??和??參比電極??)組成原電池,測(cè)量?jī)蓸O間的??電動(dòng)勢(shì)(電位差)??,該電位差與溶液pH值呈線性關(guān)系(能斯特方程),再經(jīng)儀器內(nèi)部電路轉(zhuǎn)換并顯示為pH數(shù)值。現(xiàn)代pH計(jì)通常采用??復(fù)合電極??(指示電極與參比電極一體化設(shè)計(jì)),簡(jiǎn)化了操作并提升了穩(wěn)定性。
 
  二、發(fā)酵pH計(jì)的應(yīng)用
 
  發(fā)酵pH計(jì)是??生物發(fā)酵工程中在線監(jiān)測(cè)與控制工具??,主要用于實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控發(fā)酵過程中培養(yǎng)液pH的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,并通過自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)維持最適pH環(huán)境,直接影響微生物生長(zhǎng)、代謝途徑及目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物的合成效率。其核心應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景包括:
 
  1. 實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)酵液pH動(dòng)態(tài)
 
  在發(fā)酵過程中,微生物分解底物(如糖類、蛋白質(zhì))會(huì)產(chǎn)生酸性或堿性代謝產(chǎn)物(如乳酸、乙酸導(dǎo)致pH下降;氨釋放導(dǎo)致pH上升),或因營(yíng)養(yǎng)消耗(如銨鹽減少)改變pH。發(fā)酵pH計(jì)通過浸入發(fā)酵液的??在線pH電極??,每秒至每分鐘采集一次pH數(shù)據(jù),幫助操作人員或控制系統(tǒng)掌握pH的實(shí)時(shí)波動(dòng)(例如:細(xì)菌發(fā)酵初期pH可能快速下降至5.0,隨后因代謝適應(yīng)回升至6.5~7.0)。
 
  2. 自動(dòng)控制pH穩(wěn)定在最適范圍
 
  不同微生物對(duì)pH的耐受范圍不同(如酵母最適pH 4.5~5.5,大腸桿菌最適pH 6.5~7.5),且pH偏離最適值會(huì)抑制酶活性、破壞細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)、降低營(yíng)養(yǎng)吸收效率,甚至引發(fā)菌體自溶或產(chǎn)物合成中斷。發(fā)酵pH計(jì)與??自動(dòng)加酸(如H?SO?、HCl)/加堿(如NaOH、KOH)系統(tǒng)??或??補(bǔ)料系統(tǒng)??(如補(bǔ)糖調(diào)節(jié)碳源、補(bǔ)氨水調(diào)節(jié)氮源)聯(lián)動(dòng),當(dāng)檢測(cè)到pH超出預(yù)設(shè)閾值(如±0.2~0.3)時(shí),自動(dòng)觸發(fā)調(diào)節(jié)裝置,確保pH始終維持在微生物生長(zhǎng)和產(chǎn)物合成的最佳區(qū)間(例如:青霉素發(fā)酵需嚴(yán)格控制pH 6.5~7.0以促進(jìn)次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物積累)。
 
  3. 保障發(fā)酵工藝的穩(wěn)定性與重復(fù)性
 
  pH是發(fā)酵過程中的??關(guān)鍵控制參數(shù)??之一,其波動(dòng)可能導(dǎo)致代謝流轉(zhuǎn)向副產(chǎn)物合成(如乳酸過量積累抑制目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物生成),或影響發(fā)酵周期與產(chǎn)量。通過發(fā)酵pH計(jì)的精準(zhǔn)監(jiān)測(cè)與調(diào)控,可減少人為干預(yù)誤差,保證不同批次發(fā)酵條件的一致性,從而提升產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量(如抗生素效價(jià)、氨基酸純度)和生產(chǎn)效率(如縮短發(fā)酵時(shí)間、提高產(chǎn)物得率)。
 
  4. 輔助工藝優(yōu)化與故障診斷
 
  結(jié)合其他參數(shù)(如溶解氧、溫度、攪拌轉(zhuǎn)速),pH的變化趨勢(shì)可反映發(fā)酵過程中的潛在問題(例如:pH持續(xù)快速下降可能提示碳源過量或氮源不足;pH異常升高可能因滅菌不導(dǎo)致雜菌污染)。發(fā)酵工程師可通過分析pH數(shù)據(jù)優(yōu)化補(bǔ)料策略(如分批補(bǔ)糖控制pH平穩(wěn))、調(diào)整通氣量(影響代謝途徑)或排查污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn),推動(dòng)發(fā)酵工藝向“智能化、精細(xì)化”發(fā)展。
  
  三、發(fā)酵pH計(jì)的原理
 
  發(fā)酵pH計(jì)的核心原理是??電位法(離子選擇性電極法)??,通過測(cè)量由??氫離子選擇性電極(玻璃電極)??與??參比電極??組成的原電池的電動(dòng)勢(shì),結(jié)合能斯特方程計(jì)算溶液的pH值。具體過程如下:
 
  1. 電極組成與工作原理
 
  ??指示電極(玻璃電極)??:核心部件為特殊的??敏感玻璃膜??(通常為鋰玻璃,厚度約0.1 mm),膜表面存在可移動(dòng)的鈉離子(Na?),但對(duì)氫離子(H?)具有選擇性響應(yīng)。當(dāng)玻璃膜浸入待測(cè)溶液時(shí),膜內(nèi)外氫離子活度差異會(huì)導(dǎo)致膜兩側(cè)產(chǎn)生??電位差(膜電位,E?)??,該電位差與溶液中氫離子活度的對(duì)數(shù)呈線性關(guān)系(符合能斯特方程)。
 
  膜電位公式:E? = 常數(shù) + (2.303RT/F) × log[H?](25℃時(shí),2.303RT/F ≈ 0.05916 V,即每變化1個(gè)pH單位,膜電位變化約59.16 mV)。
 
  ??參比電極??:通常為??銀/氯化銀(Ag/AgCl)電極??,其電位穩(wěn)定且不受待測(cè)溶液成分影響,提供恒定的參比電位(E?)。參比電極內(nèi)部填充飽和(KCl)溶液,通過鹽橋(多孔陶瓷或纖維)與發(fā)酵液接觸,確保離子導(dǎo)通。
 
  ??復(fù)合電極??:現(xiàn)代發(fā)酵pH計(jì)多采用??復(fù)合電極??(玻璃電極與參比電極一體化設(shè)計(jì)),將兩者封裝于同一外殼中,僅通過一個(gè)電極帽浸入溶液,簡(jiǎn)化了操作并避免了單獨(dú)使用時(shí)的液接電位干擾。
 
  2. 原電池電動(dòng)勢(shì)與pH計(jì)算
 
  玻璃電極(指示電極)與參比電極浸入發(fā)酵液后,構(gòu)成一個(gè)原電池,其總電動(dòng)勢(shì)(E)為參比電極電位(E?)與玻璃電極膜電位(E?)之差:
 
  ??E = E? - E???
 
  將膜電位公式代入并結(jié)合能斯特方程整理后可得:
 
  ??E = E? - (2.303RT/F) × pH??
 
  (E?為儀器常數(shù),包含電極標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電位、液接電位等綜合因素)。
 
  在25℃時(shí),公式簡(jiǎn)化為:??E = E? - 0.05916 × pH??(即電動(dòng)勢(shì)每變化59.16 mV,對(duì)應(yīng)pH變化1個(gè)單位)。發(fā)酵pH計(jì)通過測(cè)量原電池的電動(dòng)勢(shì)E,經(jīng)內(nèi)部電路反推計(jì)算出pH值,并顯示在屏幕上。
 
  3. 溫度補(bǔ)償機(jī)制
 
  由于能斯特方程中的斜率(2.303RT/F)與溫度(T)直接相關(guān)(溫度升高,斜率增大;例如30℃時(shí)斜率約為61.5 mV/pH),且發(fā)酵過程通常在25~37℃范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行,因此發(fā)酵pH計(jì)內(nèi)置??溫度傳感器??(如熱敏電阻),實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)溶液溫度并自動(dòng)修正斜率,確保不同溫度下pH測(cè)量的準(zhǔn)確性(誤差通常控制在±0.01~0.02 pH單位)。
 
  4. 校準(zhǔn)與維護(hù)
 
  為保證測(cè)量精度,發(fā)酵pH計(jì)在使用前需用??標(biāo)準(zhǔn)緩沖液??(如pH 4.01、7.01、10.01)進(jìn)行兩點(diǎn)或三點(diǎn)校準(zhǔn),通過調(diào)整儀器內(nèi)部參數(shù)使測(cè)量值與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)緩沖液的已知pH值一致。此外,玻璃電極需定期清洗(避免蛋白質(zhì)、膠體污染導(dǎo)致響應(yīng)遲緩)并浸泡于保存液中(維持玻璃膜的水合層),參比電極需檢查鹽橋是否堵塞(確保KCl溶液流通)。
 
  總結(jié)
 
  發(fā)酵pH計(jì)通過電位法實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)酵液pH,結(jié)合自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)維持微生物生長(zhǎng)的最適酸堿環(huán)境,是保障發(fā)酵工藝穩(wěn)定性、提高產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)量與質(zhì)量的核心工具。其原理基于氫離子選擇性電極與參比電極的電位差,通過能斯特方程將電信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)化為pH數(shù)值,并依賴溫度補(bǔ)償與定期校準(zhǔn)確保測(cè)量可靠性。
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